Bells and Doppler  
  The cosmos outside and within  
  Heaven`s bridges  
  Short or long cycle  
  Side-effects  
     
   
 
  Bells are musical instruments manufactured in accordance with a tradition which is very old. They are symbols. Bells count and mark the hours. The chiming of the hours consists of short, sharp sounds that in contrast to the ringing of resounding bells.
  A description of the emotional experience of observing
the sound of resounding bells can be found in a poem
of Dietrich Bonhoeffer penned during his incarceration
in the Tegel Prison in Berlin during the reign of National Socialism:

"Twelve cold, thin impacts of the tower clock wake
me. No sound, no warmth in them save and cover me.
Barking one, bad dogs around midnight frighten me.
Poor one ring separates a poor yesterday from the poor today.

Whether one day turns on the other hand, the nothing new, not better would find, as that it in short one, like these end… What can this mean to me?

I want to see the turn of the times, if lighting up characters in the night sky are, new bells over the
peoples go and ring and ring…"		  
  The movements of the bells when they ring change in
many ways. Due to the Doppler effect, some bells when ringing sound staunched and stringy. Others carry the ringing sound through the bell funnel at different ringing levels. By modifying bells, the different speeds at which
the knocker in the centre of the bell strikes the sides,
also brings about different vibrations. One can almost picture it as a shivering and fuzzy sound when the
different notes are struck.

The way in which a bell is fixed to its halter also
affects the intensity of the Doppler effect when the
bell rings. The best sound of resounding bells is when
a bell is attached to a level halter. The turning point
of the bell is positioned over the crown of the bell.
  In order to reduce static electricity in a bell tower,
the bell halter is often cropped. The turning point of
the bell is then beneath the crown. This reduces the influence the Doppler effect has on the ringing.
  Resounding bells sound full and they ring in harmony.
They call people, call them to gather. The Easter bells announce the Resurrection.		  
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  The way in which people think, influences our lives a
great deal. The past few decades we have expanded
our knowledge of the Cosmos considerably.
Sophisticated telescopes and improved analysis help
us to complete the picture of how our universe came
to be, step by step.

The human psyche is confronted by the outer Cosmos,
a dimension of space and history which has become measurable and explicable. The simplistic nature and
history of humanity are insignificant in comparison.
 

Modern medical diagnostic images are able to capture
the innermost recesses of our bodies. X-rays and multi-magnified ultra sounds reveal anatomical structures
only millimetres or less in size. Man is the observer of
his own inner ageing process.

There are similarities evident in the Duplex images of
the human body and the telescopic pictures of the
distant Cosmos. This is often due to the part played
by the analytical systems, but more often than not it
is due to their identical physical features. The images shown here position a varicose vein next to a telescopic image of a cosmic nebula.

 
  The colour variation in the Duplex image is the result
of the backward flow of blood brought about by a
leaking venal valve in a patient. The Doppler machine records the velocity at which the erythrocytes, carriers
of oxygen, travel through the veins. The area around
the valve is bloated due to the amount of blood flowing towards it.
  The image M27, is that of a dying star which had
blown off its upper layer. The radiation from the central star causes the discarded layer to become fluorescent.
The light of the central star has much more energy than
its peripheral parts. Due to its emission spectrum, the elements contained within can be released. The gases
of the outer layer contain a substantial amount of
oxygen, thanks to the fusion process which created it.
It is possible that our sun will also end like this one day.

Mr W. Fischer has kindly allowed us to use the image,
M27. e-mail fischer-wolfram@t-online.de
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  There is a magical old granite bridge in Sohland, which
is raised to a point in the middle and points upwards towards the heavens. She is known as the “Himmelsbruecke”, or “Heaven’s Bridge”. We are referring
to the bridge from the website Himmelsbruecke.de. Unfortunately Microsoft’s Internet Explorer does not
allow one to use umlaut. If you want to reach us under Himmelsbruecke.de, you will need to have the required browser. Otherwise, just use the web address www.pragmatisch.com.
  “Binding two shores between heaven and earth”, is the symbolical meaning of the small bridge. There is also a planetarium in this small town. It is run by amateurs and integrates people from all walks of life. The independent observation through the telescope binds the far away nature above us with us.
  The Internet is filled with so many excellent pictures of
the happenings in space and of all the known places in space. Pictures seem to become inflationary, but it
indeed just seems so. One does not learn to cook in
the library and so nature also does not flow out of the Internet. Our own observation and doings sharpen our views and leads to success.
  The history of astronomy is full of examples. More than
one and a half centuries ago Christian Doppler observed
the Double Star Systems and realised that their observed movement was due to the changing in the frequency of their spectral fields. Doppler formulated a rule from this recurring phenomenon. Dependant on their velocity,
waves are stretched and staunched.
  The application of the Doppler effect is used widely
today in the medical and technical fields. For example,
in the medical field one uses the Doppler in order to
detect ill heart valves and narrowed blood vessels.
  From this point of view, it is strange that schools in
Saxony no longer want to integrate astronomy into the subject field for scholars from Grade 10 upwards.
  There are enough theoretical hours spent in the
computer cabinet at schools. The problem lies in the fact that there is not enough practical experience in the observation of nature. The astronomy teacher, whose interest lies in helping out at the observatory and taking trusted scholars there, is much sought-after. He seeks to wake the interest in the individuals and to motivate them.
  The following pictures were taken by the amateur
astro-photographer Wolfram Fischer. He was born in
1954 in Cottbus and started his astronomy hobby when
he was a mere 13 years old. He became an active part
of the observatory in Sohland in 1969 and remained a faithful member. W. Fischer now lives in Leipzig and is a musician in the Orchestral House. His enthusiasm and fascination can be seen in his photographs.
  The following pictures are taken over an interval of
5 years from 1975 onwards.
Mr W. Fischer has kindly allowed us to use the image.
e-mail fischer-wolfram@t-online.de
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  Single-coloured pills can basically be taken in two
different ways.
  
  Firstly, the traditional method. This requires the taking
of the pills for a specific period of time, for instance, 3weeks, using one pill card, followed by a 7 day pause.

This is known as the 'short cycle.' The second option
is to take the pill continuously for 2 to 3 months
(§ or 4 pill cards with the same coloured pills), followed
by a 7 day pause. This is known as the 'long cycle'.
The second method of contraception works better than
the shorter version and also provides greater protection such as when one forgets to take one or two of the pills.
  Both the short and long cycle options ultimately yield
the same results - the prevention of ovulation, the hemming of the endometrium and increasing the viscosity
of the cervical mucous plug.

The longer cycle does have less of the common side effects (bleeding, iron deficiency, headaches, mood
swings and menstrual pain seldom occur). The risk of thrombosis is however the same with both options.
Future and continued fertility is not influenced by
either method.

Contraceptive pills whose aim is chiefly to clear acne
and acne pustules, work even better when taken long
term. The advantage of taking the pill for 3 weeks
(short cycle), is the perception on the part of the user
that a normal menstrual flow occurs and of course of preventing an unwanted pregnancy. This perception
of a normal period is culture related. In the centuries, which have passed, women did not experience a
regular menstrual flow. Due to frequent pregnancies
and child birth and the constant breastfeeding, which accompanied it, the menstrual flow. was hemmed.
A monthly menstrual flow was seen as the exception.
The "period" only became the order of the day in
smaller families in the second half of the twentieth
century. Only the superstitious see the monthly flow
as a kind of "cleansing from within". The long cycle
can be seen as the most reliable alternative when
taking the mono-coloured contraceptive pill.

The latest trend in contraception is the hormone
implant and hormone spiral. This supplies the woman's
body with a constant supply of gestagens over a
period of 3 to 4 years. The original form of this method
was to imitate the monthly cycle by introducing interval, but it is fast becoming second choice for many women. 		 
  More information about these and other items:
www.kgu.de and www.drgoetze.de		  
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  One finds them almost always in gynaecological practices. Coloured informative flyers that advertise contraceptives. Contraceptive hormones promise every woman the dream
of a clear complexion and beautiful hair. Others promise
the dream of remaining slim. Small postive effects of the contraceptives are highlighted. But one should remember
to maintain an overview. We want to discuss the risks involved in taking hormonal contraceptives, or the pill.
  In comparison to women who do not take hormonal contraceptives, the risk of thrombosis and pulmonal embolism is 3 times higher by women taking hormonal contraceptives. It is especially dangerous after surgical operations on the legs, after traumatic accidents and
when one has to wear plaster of Paris or has been bandaged. A lack of moisture in the body, bad asso-
ciated diseases, long hours spent sitting in a car, bus
or plane all increases these risks. Previous venous infections, thrombosis or pulmonal embolisms tend to
have a high rate of repetition.
  The following should be noted: After having suffered
from thrombosis, embolism, venous infections or venous insufficiency, one is never allowed to take hormonal contraceptives again. At least four weeks before planned surgery, one must stop taking contraceptive hormones
and must change over to non-hormonal methods. The doctors, who are responsible for treating the patient
after surgery or accidents, should be informed about
the method of contraception.
  Information for medical students  
    zur Übersicht